ตำรายาของประเทศไทย
Thai Pharmacopoeia
สำนักยาและวัตถุเสพติด กรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ กระทรวงสาธารณสุข
Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health
สำนักยาและวัตถุเสพติด กรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ กระทรวงสาธารณสุข
Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public HealthAPPENDIX 1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The specifications given below are strictly for the use of the materials as reagents. The inclusion of a material in this Appendix does not imply that it is suitable for use in medicines. Exceptionally, a trademark or supplier may be indicated for certain reagents whose availability is limited. It is however acceptable to use reagents from another source provided that they comply with the standards of the Pharmacopoeia.
1.1 REAGENTS
The name of a substance or solution indicates a reagent included in the following list. The specifications given for reagents do not necessarily guarantee their quality for use in medicines.
Some of the reagents included may be injurious to health. Important cautions have been stated for these reagents. They should be handled in accordance with good laboratory practice and any relevant regulations.
Reagents in aqueous solution are prepared using water. Reagent solutions used in the limit tests for barium, calcium and sulfates are prepared using distilled water. Where the name of the solvent is not stated, an aqueous solution is intended.
Unless otherwise specified, the reagents and reagent solutions are to be stored in well-closed containers. The labelling should comply with the relevant national legislation.
Absorbent Cotton Use a suitable grade.
Acetic Acid To glacial acetic acid, add sufficient water to produce a solution containing 33 per cent w/w of C2H4O2.
Acetic Acid, Dilute To glacial acetic acid, add sufficient water to produce a solution containing 6 per cent w/w of C2H4O2.
Acetic Acid, Glacial C2H4O2 = 60.05
Use an analytical reagent grade of commerce containing not less than 99.5 per cent w/w and not more than 100.5 per cent w/w of C2H4O2.
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid; odour, pungent and characteristic. Boils at about 118°.
Acetic Acid, Glacial, Anhydrous C2H4O2 = 60.05 Use Glacial Acetic Acid (TP monograph).
Acetic Anhydride C4H6O3 = 102.09
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce containing not less than 97.0 per cent w/v of C4H6O3.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid.
BOILING RANGE 136º to 142º (Appendix 4.5).
Acetonitrile (Methyl Cyanide) C2H3N = 41.05
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid.
SOLUBILITY Miscible with water.
ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY A 10 per cent v/v solution is neutral to litmus.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 80° and 82° (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 0.780 to 0.783 g (Appendix 4.9).
Acetylacetone (Diacetylmethane) C5H8O2 = 100.12
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless or slightly yellow, easily flammable liquid.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water; miscible with acetone, with chloroform, with ethanol, with ether, and with glacial acetic acid.
BOILING RANGE 138º to 140º (Appendix 4.5).
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.452 to 1.453, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (O-Sialic Acid) C11H19NO9 = 309.27
DESCRIPTION White, acicular crystals.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water and in methanol; slightly soluble in ethanol; practically insoluble in acetone, in chloroform and in ether.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 186º, with decomposition (Appendix 4.3).
SPECIFIC ROTATION About −36º, at 20º, determined in a 1 per cent w/v solution (Appendix 4.8).
Acid Blue 83 (Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250; Brilliant Blue R) C45H44N3NaO7S2 = 826.07
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Brown powder.
Acrylamide C3H5NO = 71.08
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 84º (Appendix 4.3).
Agar The dried extract from Gelidium sp. and other algae belonging to the class Rhodophyceae.
Use microbiological reagent grade of commerce
DESCRIPTION White, light yellowish orange, or yellowish grey to pale yellow; rectangular columns, strings, strips, flakes, or granules; semitranslucent and somewhat lustrous; almost odourless; tasteless and mucilaginous. A 1 per cent w/v boiling solution of agar is neutral.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in boiling water; insoluble in cold water and in organic solvents.
(Note When used for microbiological purposes, it is to be dried to a water content of not more than 20 per cent w/w.)
Agarose for Chromatography, Cross-linked
Use chromatographic reagent grade of commerce.
Prepared from agarose by reaction with 2,3- dibromopropanol in strongly alkaline conditions.
Swollen beads 60 to 140 μm in diameter presented as a 4 per cent suspension in water. It is used in sizeexclusion chromatography for the separation of proteins with relative molecular weights of 6 × 104 to 20 × 106 and of polysaccharides with relative molecular weights of 3 × 103 to 5 × 106 .
Agarose for Chromatography 1, Cross-linked
Use chromatographic reagent grade of commerce.
Prepared from agarose by reaction with 2,3- dibromopropanol in strongly alkaline conditions.
Swollen beads 60 to 140 μm in diameter presented as a 4 per cent suspension in water. It is used in sizeexclusion chromatography for the separation of proteins with relative molecular weights of 7 × 104 to 40 × 106 and of polysaccharides with relative molecular weights of 1 × 105 to 2 × 107 .
Albumin, Bovine Serum Bovine Serum Albumin (Cohn fraction V) containing about 96 per cent w/w of protein, that has been shown to be pyrogen-free and also shown to be free from proteolytic activity by a suitable means, for example, using chromogenic substrate.
DESCRIPTION White to light tan powder.
WATER Not more than 3.0 per cent w/w (Karl Fischer Method, Appendix 4.12).
Store at a temperature between 2º and 8º.
Albumin, Human Human serum albumin containing not less than 96 per cent of albumin.
Alizarin Complexone Dihydrate (Alizarin Fluorine Blue) C19H15NO8.2H2O = 421.36
DESCRIPTION Fine, ochre to orange-brown powder.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 185º (Appendix 4.3).
LOSS ON DRYING Not more than 10.0 per cent w/w after drying at 105º to constant weight (Appendix 4.15). Use 1 g.
Aluminium Nitrate Al(NO3)3.9H2O = 375.13 Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Deliquescent crystals.
SOLUBILITY Very soluble in water and in ethanol; very slightly soluble in acetone; practically insoluble in ethyl acetate and in pyridine.
Store in tightly closed containers.
Aluminium Oxide, Activated Acid Al2O3 = 101.96
Activated by heating at 200º to 250º for 3 hours. Mean particle size, 50 to 200 μm.
DESCRIPTION Almost white, fine, granular powder. Very hygroscopic.
Aluminium Potassium Sulfate (Potash Alum; Alum) KAl(SO4)2.12H2O = 474.38 Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, transparent crystalline masses or granular powder; odourless.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in 7.5 parts of water, in 0.3 part of boiling water and in 3 parts of glycerol; practically insoluble in ethanol.
4-Aminophenazone (Aminopyrazolone; 4-Aminoantipyrine) C11H13N3O = 203.3
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Light yellow needles or powder.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 108º (Appendix 4.3).
Ammonia NH3 = 17.03
For 18 M and 13.5 M ammonia use analytical reagent grade solutions of commerce containing 35 per cent and 25 per cent w/w of NH3, and weighing 0.88 g and 0.91 g per ml, respectively.
Solutions of molarity xM should be prepared by diluting 75x ml of 13.5 M ammonia or 56x ml of 18 M ammonia to 1000 ml with water.
When ammonia is specified and the strength is not stated, use a reagent prepared by diluting 67 g of 13.5 M ammonia to 100 ml with water.
Ammonia Solution, Dilute Use Ammonia TS.
Ammonia Solution, Strong Use Strong Ammonia Solution (TP monograph).
Ammonium Acetate C2H7NO2 = 77.08
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Store in well-closed containers.
Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl = 53.49
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals or white, fine or coarse, crystalline powder; odourless.
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble in water and in glycerol and even more soluble in boiling water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
Ammonium Dihydrogenphosphate (Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic) (NH4)H2PO4 = 115.03
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
pH About 4.2, in a 2.3 per cent w/v solution (Appendix 4.11).
Ammonium Formate (Formic Acid Ammonium Salt) CH5NO2 = 63.06
Use an analytical reagent grade of commerce containing not less than 97.0 per cent w/w of CH5NO2.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid.
Ammonium Iron(III) Sulfate (Ferric Ammonium Sulfate) NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O = 482.18
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Pale violet crystals, or almost colourless, crystalline powder. S
OLUBILITY Soluble in water, yielding a clear yellow or brown solution.
Ammonium Metavanadate (Ammonium Vanadate) NH4VO3 = 116.98
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in ammonia TS and in hot water.
Ammonium Molybdate (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O = 1235.86
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 = 80.04
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Store in tightly closed containers.
Ammonium Oxalate C2H8N22O4.H2O = 142.11
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water.
Ammonium Peroxydisulfate (Ammonium Persulfate) (NH4)2S2O8 = 228.19
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White granular crystals or crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water.
Ammonium Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 = 132.13
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Ammonium Thiocyanate NH4SCN = 76.12
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals.
SOLUBILITY Very soluble in water; readily soluble in ethanol.
Store in tightly closed containers.
Amyl Alcohol (Isoamyl Alcohol; Isopentyl Alcohol; 3- Methyl-1-butanol) C5H12O = 88.15
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid; odour, characteristic.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water. Miscible with most organic solvents.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 130º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.406, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 0.81 g (Appendix 4.9).
Aniline C6H7N = 93.13
DESCRIPTION Colourless or pale yellow, oily liquid, readily discolouring on exposure to air and light.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 182º and 184º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 1.020 to 1.025 g (Appendix 4.9).
ACID-INSOLUBLE MATTER Dissolve 5 ml in 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid: the solution is clear or not more than slightly turbid.
Anisaldehyde (4-Methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O2 = 136.15
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless to pale yellow, oily liquid; odour, aromatic.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water; miscible with ethanol and with ether.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 248º (Appendix 4.6).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 1.125 g (Appendix 4.9).
Antithrombin III
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
Antithrombin III is purified from human plasma by heparin agarose chromatography and should have a specific activity of at least 6 IU per mg.
Argon Ar = 39.95
Use laboratory cylinder grade of commerce containing not less than 99.995 per cent v/v of Ar.
Arsenic Trioxide As2O3 = 197.84 Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Heavy, white powder.
SOLUBILITY Very slowly soluble in 60 parts of water; more readily soluble in water on the addition of hydrochloric acid, or solutions of alkali hydroxides or carbonates.
Ascorbic Acid (L-Ascorbic Acid) C6H8O6 = 176.13
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in benzene, in chloroform and in ether.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 190º (Appendix 4.3).
SPECIFIC ROTATION About +22º, at 20º, determined in a 2 per cent w/v solution (Appendix 4.8). Measure the angle of rotation immediately after preparing the solution.
Barbital (Barbitone) C8H12N2O3 = 184.20
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 190º (Appendix 4.3).
Barbital Sodium (Barbitone Sodium) C8H11N2NaO3 = 206.18
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals or white crystalline powder; odourless.
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol; practically insoluble in chloroform and in ether.
Barbituric Acid C4H4N2O3 = 128.09
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White or almost white powder.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 253º (Appendix 4.3).
Benzyl Alcohol C7H8O = 108.14
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid.
SOLUBILITY Sparingly soluble in water; freely soluble in ethanol (50 per cent) ; miscible with chloroform, with ethanol, and with ether.
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Heavy, brownish red, fuming highly corrosive liquid.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 3.1 at 20º (Appendix 4.9).
To prepare 0.05 M bromine, dissolve 3 g of potassium bromate and 15 g of potassium bromide in sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Weaker solutions should be prepared using proportionately lesser amounts of reagents or by appropriate dilution.
5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine C9H11BrN2O5 = 307.10
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 194º (Appendix 4.3).
HOMOGENEITY Examine under the conditions prescribed in the test for Related substances in the monograph for Idoxuridine applying to the plate 5 μl of a 0.025 per cent w/v solution. The chromatogram shows only one principal spot.
1-Butanol (n-Butyl Alcohol) C4H10O = 74.12
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in 11 parts of water, at 15.5º.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 116º and 119º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 0.807 to 0.810 g (Appendix 4.9).
2-Butanone (Ethyl Methyl Ketone) C4H8O = 72.11
Use chromatographic reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid; odour, characteristic. Flammable.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 79º (Appendix 4.6).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 0.81 (Appendix 4.9).
Butylated Hydroxyanisole C11H16O2 = 180.25
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White or slightly yellow, waxy solid or white or almost white, crystalline powder; odour, faint, characteristic.
SOLUBILITY Insoluble in water; freely soluble in chloroform, in ethanol, in ether, and in propylene glycol.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 61º (Appendix 4.3).
Cadmium Iodide CdI2 = 366.22
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Pearly white flakes or crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Very soluble in water.
Caffeine C8H10N4O2 = 194.19
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 236º (Appendix 4.3).
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 = 100.09
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White microcrystalline powder; odourless.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water.
Calcium Carbonate, Chelometric Standard CaCO3 = 100.09
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, microcrystalline powder; odourless.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water.
Calcium Chloride CaCl2.2H2O = 147.02
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Calcium Chloride, Anhydrous CaCl2 = 110.99
Use a suitable grade.
DESCRIPTION Deliquescent, white granules.
Store in tightly closed containers.
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 = 74.09
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Soft, white powder.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water; soluble in aqueous solution of glycerol and sugars.
Calcon (Solochrome Dark Blue; Mordant Black 17) C20H13N2NaO5S = 416.38
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Brownish black powder with a violet sheen.
SOLUBILITY Sparingly soluble in water; freely soluble in acetone and in ethanol.
Gives a purple-red colour with calcium ions in alkaline solutions. When metal ions are absent, for example, in the presence of an excess of disodium edetate, the solution is blue.
Calcon Mixture (Solochrome Dark Blue Mixture; Mordant Black 17 Mixture) A mixture of 1 part of calcon with 99 parts of freshly ignited anhydrous sodium sulfate.
SENSITIVITY TO CALCIUM Dissolve 200 mg in 5 ml of water. To 1 ml of the solution add 50 ml of water, 10 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide and 1 ml of a 1 per cent w/v solution of magnesium sulfate: the solution is blue. Add 0.1 ml of a 0.15 per cent w/v solution of calcium chloride: the solution becomes violet and, on the subsequent addition of 0.1 ml of 0.01 M disodium edetate, turns to pure blue.
Calconcarboxylic Acid (Patton and Reeder’s Reagent) C21H14N2O7S = 438.37
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Brownish black powder.
Gives a sharp colour change from red to blue in titrations of calcium with disodium edetate.
Calconcarboxylic Acid Mixture A mixture of 1 part of calconcarboxylic acid and 99 parts of sodium chloride.
SENSITIVITY TO CALCIUM Dissolve 50 mg in a mixture of 100 ml of water and 2 ml of 10 M sodium hydroxide: the solution is blue. Add 1 ml of a 1 per cent w/v solution of magnesium sulfate and 0.1 ml of a 0.15 per cent w/v solution of calcium chloride: the solution becomes violet. Add 0.15 ml of 0.010 M disodium edetate: the solution becomes pure blue.
dl-10-Camphorsulfonic Acid C10H16O4S = 232.29
DESCRIPTION White to off-white, crystals or powder; optically inactive.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 199º, with decomposition (Appendix 4.3).
Carbomer A cross-linked polymer of acrylic acid containing a large proportion (56 per cent to 68 per cent) of carboxylic acid (COOH) groups after drying in vacuum at 80º for 1 hour.
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
Average molecular weight, about 3 × 106 .
Carbon Dioxide CO2 = 44.01
Use laboratory cylinder grade of commerce.
Carbon Disulfide CS2 = 76.14
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, volatile, flammable liquid; odour, unpleasant.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 46º (Appendix 4.6).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 1.26 g (Appendix 4.9).
Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 = 153.82
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless, volatile liquid; odour, characteristic.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water; miscible with absolute ethanol and with ether.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 76º and 77º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 1.592 to 1.595 g (Appendix 4.9).
Casein A mixture of related phosphoproteins obtained from milk.
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, amorphous powder or granules.
SOLUBILITY Insoluble in water and in neutral solvents; readily dissolved by ammonia TS and by solutions of alkali hydroxides, usually forming a cloudy solution.
Cerium(III) Nitrate (Cerous Nitrate) Ce(NO3)3.6H2O = 434.23
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless or pale yellow, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water.
Cetostearyl Alcohol A mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols consisting chiefly of stearyl and cetyl alcohols. It may be obtained by the reduction of the appropriate fatty acids.
Use a suitable grade.
DESCRIPTION White or cream-coloured unctuous mass or almost white flakes or granules; when heated, melts to a clear, colourless or pale yellow liquid free from cloudiness or suspended matters; odour, faint.
Cetrimide C19H42ClN = 320.00
Use a suitable grade.
DESCRIPTION White to creamy-white, voluminous, freeflowing powder; odour, slight and characteristic.
Charcoal, Decolorizing
DESCRIPTION Black, light powder free from grittiness.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in all usual solvents.
DECOLORIZING POWER Dissolve 100 mg of strychnine sulfate in 50 ml of water, add 1 g of the test substance, shake during 5 minutes, and pass through a dry filter, rejecting the first 10 ml of the filtrate. To a 10-ml portion of the subsequent filtrate add 1 drop of hydrochloric acid and 5 drops of mercury(II) iodide TS: no turbidity is produced.
ACID-SOLUBLE MATTER Not more than 3 per cent w/w. To 1.0 g add 25 ml of dilute nitric acid and boil for 5 minutes. Filter whilst hot through a sintered-glass filter of porosity of 4 to 10 μm and wash with 10 ml of hot water. Evaporate the combined filtrate and washings to dryness on a water-bath, add to the residue 1 ml of hydrochloric acid, evaporate to dryness again and dry the residue to constant weight at 100º to 105º. The residue weighs not more than 30 mg.
SULFATED ASH Not more than 5.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 5.3).
Chlorine Cl2 = 70.91
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Chloroacetic Acid C2H3ClO2 = 94.50
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, deliquescent crystals.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 62º (Appendix 4.3).
Store in tightly closed containers.
Chloroform CHCl3 = 119.38
|
Caution Care should be taken not to vaporize chloroform in the presence of a flame, because of the production of harmful gases. |
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce containing 0.4 to 1.0 per cent w/w of ethanol.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, volatile liquid; odour, characteristic.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water; miscible with absolute ethanol, with ether, with fixed and volatile oils, and with most organic solvents.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 60º (Appendix 4.6).
RELATIVE DENSITY 1.475 to 1.481 (Appendix 4.6).
Store protected from light.
Chloroform Water Shake 2.5 ml of chloroform with 900 ml of water until dissolved and dilute with water to 1000 ml.
Chloroplatinic(IV) Acid (Platinic Chloride; Hexachloroplatinic(IV) Acid Hexahydrate) H2PtCl6.6H2O = 518.00
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Brown, crystalline masses. Deliquescent.
SOLUBILITY Very soluble in water and in ethanol.
Chromic Acid Cleansing Mixture
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Caution Wear safety goggles. Prepare this mixture in a hard, borosilicate-glass, 2000-ml beaker, since the heat produced may cause soft-glass containers to break. Chromic Acid Cleansing Mixture is extremely corrosive and hygroscopic, and should be stored in glass-stoppered bottles in a safe place. When the mixture acquires a green colour, it should not be returned to the storage bottle, but should be discarded under continuously flowing water. |
Dissolve 200 g of sodium dichromate in 100 ml of water, and, slowly and cautiously, add 1500 ml of sulfuric acid with stirring.
Chromotropic Acid Sodium Salt C10H6Na2O8S2.2H2O = 400.28
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Pale brown powder.
Cinchonidine C19H22N2O = 294.40
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water; soluble in chloroform and in ethanol.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 208º, with decomposition (Appendix 4.3).
SPECIFIC ROTATION –105º to –110º, determined in a 5 per cent w/v solution in ethanol (Appendix 4.8).
Store protected from light.
Cineole (Eucalyptol) C10H18O = 154.25
Use a grade of commerce specially supplied for o-cresol determinations.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid; odour, camphoraceous.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 176º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.456 to 1.459, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
Cineole used in gas chromatography complies with the following test.
ASSAY Carry out the determination as described in the “Gas Chromatography” (Appendix 3.4), using the normalization procedure.
Reference solution Dissolve 20 μl of cineole in hexane and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
Test solution Dissolve 20 μl of the test substance in hexane and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
Chromatographic system A chromatographic procedure may be carried out using (a) a fused-silica column (60 m × 0.25 mm) coated with macrogol 20000 (film thickness 0.25 μm), (b) helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate of about 1.5 ml per minute, and (c) a flame ionization detector, with the following temperature programme:
Procedure Separately inject equal volumes (about 1 μl) of Reference solution and Test solution into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the peaks. The area of the principal peak is not less than 98 per cent of the total area of the peaks.
Citric Acid C6H8O7.H2O = 210.14
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
When used in the “Limit Test for Iron” (Appendix 5.3), complies with the following requirement. Dissolve 0.5 g in 10 ml of water, add 0.1 ml of mercaptoacetic acid, mix, make alkaline with strong ammonia solution, and add sufficient water to produce 20 ml. No pink colour is produced.
Cobalt(II) Chloride (Cobalt Chloride; Cobaltous Chloride) CoCl2.6H2O = 237.93
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Red, crystalline powder or deep red crystals.
SOLUBILITY Very soluble in water and in ethanol; soluble in acetone and in glycerol.
Cobalt(II) Nitrate (Cobalt(II) Nitrate Hexahydrate) Co(NO3)2.6H2O = 291.0
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Small, garnet red crystals.
Copper Cu = 63.55
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION In the form of wire, foil, turnings, powder, granules or gauze.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in hydrochloric acid; soluble in nitric acid and in hot sulfuric acid.
Copper(II) Sulfate CuSO4.5H2O = 249.68
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
Cottonseed Oil Cottonseed Oil is the refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of various varieties of Gossypium hirsutum L. or of other species of Gossypium (Family Malvaceae).
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Pale yellow, oily liquid; odourless or almost odourless. At temperatures below 10º particles of solid fat may separate from the Oil, and at about 0º to –5º the Oil becomes solid or nearly so.
o-Cresol (2-Methylphenol) C7H8O = 108.14
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless to faintly coloured, crystalline solid or a supercooled liquid; odour, tarry and phenolic.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in about 50 parts of water; miscible with chloroform, with ethanol and with ether.
FREEZING TEMPERATURE Not lower than 30.5º (Appendix 4.4).
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 190º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.540 to 1.550, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 1.05 (Appendix 4.9).
Store protected from light, moisture and oxygen and distil before use.
Cyclohexane C6H12 = 84.16
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 80º and 82º (Appendix 4.5).
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.4262 to 1.4265, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 0.776 to 0.780 g (Appendix 4.9).
Cyclohexane UV Cyclohexane which complies with the following additional test.
ABSORBANCE Determine the absorbance of the sample throughout the range of 220 to 250 nm (Appendix 2.2) against water as the blank. The absorbance should not exceed 0.346 at 220 nm, 0.155 at 235 nm, 0.046 at 240 nm, and 0.009 at 250 nm.
3-Cyclohexylpropionic Acid C9H16O2 = 156.22
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
RELATIVE DENSITY About 0.998 (Appendix 4.9).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.4648, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 130º (Appendix 4.6).
RELATIVE DENSITY 0.922 to 0.927 (Appendix 4.9).
L-Cystine C6H12N2O4S2 = 240.53
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in dilute mineral acids and in solutions of alkali hydroxides; insoluble in ethanol and in other organic solvents.
SPECIFIC ROTATION –218º to –224º at 20º, calculated on the dried basis, determined in 1 M hydrochloric acid (Appendix 4.8).
2’-Deoxyuridine C9H12N2O5 = 228.20
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White or almost white, crystalline solid.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 165º (Appendix 4.3).
HOMOGENEITY Examine under the conditions prescribed in the test for Related substances in the monograph for Idoxuridine applying to the plate 5 μl of a 0.025 per cent w/v solution. The chromatogram shows only one principal spot.
Deuterated Acetone (Deuteroacetone) C3D6O = 64.11
Use spectroscopic reagent grade of commerce with a minimum isotopic purity of 99.5 per cent and containing not more than 0.1 per cent of water and deuterium oxide.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 55º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.357, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 0.87 (Appendix 4.9).
Deuterium Oxide D2O = 20.03
Use general reagent grade of commerce with a minimum isotopic purity of 99.7 per cent.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 101º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.328, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 1.11 (Appendix 4.9).
Deuterochloroform CDCl3 = 120.38
Use spectroscopic reagent grade of commerce with a minimum isotopic purity of 99.7 per cent and containing not more than 0.05 per cent of water and deuterium oxide.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 60º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.445, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 1.5 g (Appendix 4.9).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 1.51 (Appendix 4.9).
Dextrose (D-Glucose) C6H12O6 = 180.16
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White, crystalline or granular powder.
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
SPECIFIC ROTATION About +52.5º at 20º, determined in a 10 per cent w/v solution containing about 0.2 per cent v/v of ammonia (Appendix 4.8).
Dextrose Monohydrate (D-Glucose Monohydrate) C6H12O6.H2O = 198.17
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals or white to cream, crystalline powder.
SPECIFIC ROTATION +52.5º to +53.0º, calculated on the anhydrous basis (Appendix 4.8), using a solution prepared in the following manner. Dissolve 10 g in 80 ml of water and add 0.05 ml of 6 M ammonia, allow to stand for 6 hours and dilute to 100.0 ml with water.
2,3-Diaminonaphthalene C10H10N2 = 158.20
Use a suitable grade.
Diaveridine C13H16N4O2 = 260.30
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Crystals.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 233º (Appendix 4.3).
Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 = 147.0038
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Clear, oily liquid.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water; miscible with ethanol and with ether.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 180º (Appendix 4.6).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.551, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 1.31 (Appendix 4.9).
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Chloride) C2H4Cl2 = 98.96
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless liquid.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 82º and 84º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 1.25 g (Appendix 4.9).
2,7-Dichlorofluorescein C20H10Cl2O5 = 401.20
Use adsorption indicator grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Yellowish brown to yellowish orange powder.
Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) CH2Cl2 = 84.93
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless, mobile liquid.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in 50 parts of water; miscible with ethanol and with ether.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 39º and 41º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 1.323 to 1.325 g (Appendix 4.9).
NON-VOLATILE MATTER When evaporated on a water-bath and dried at 105° to constant weight, leaves not more than 0.05 per cent w/v of residue.
Diethylamine C4H11N = 73.14
|
Caution May be irritating to skin and mucous membrane. |
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Volatile, colourless liquid.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 55º (Appendix 4.6).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 0.71 g (Appendix 4.9).
Diethylaminoethyldextran Anion exchange resin presented as the hydrochloride.
DESCRIPTION Powder, forming gels with water.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (Dioctyl Phthalate) C24H38O4 = 390.56
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Colourless, oily liquid.
SOLUBILITY Practically insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents.
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.486 at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 0.98 (Appendix 4.9).
VISCOSITY At 20º, about 80 mPa. (Appendix 4.10).
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in ethanol; miscible with carbon disulfide, with chloroform, with ether, and with petroleum ether.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.915 to 0.921 (Appendix 4.9).
Store in tightly closed containers, protected from light and excessive heat.
Dihydroquinine (Hydroquinine) C20H26N2O2 = 326.44
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Needles.
SOLUBILITY Almost insoluble in water; freely soluble in acetone, in chloroform and in ethanol.
MELTING TEMPERATURE About 172º (Appendix 4.3).
Dimethylacetamide C4H9NO = 87.12
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid.
SOLUBILITY Miscible with water and with many organic solvents.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 165º (Appendix 4.6).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 0.94 g (Appendix 4.9).
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION Determine its absorbance throughout the range of 270 to 400 nm, using water to set the instrument; the absorbance does not exceed 1.00 at 270 nm, 0.30 at 280 nm, 0.15 at 290 nm, 0.05 at 310 nm, 0.03 at 320 nm, and 0.01 at 360 to 400 nm (Appendix 2.2).
4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde C9H11NO = 149.19
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION White or pale yellow, crystalline powder.
SOLUBILITY Almost insoluble in water; readily soluble in ethanol.
MELTING RANGE 73º to 75º (Appendix 4.3).
SOLUBILITY TEST IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID Dissolve 1.0 mg in 20 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid: a clear solution, free from any red colour, is produced.
4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde C11H13NO = 175.23
DESCRIPTION Orange-yellow powder.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in acetone, in benzene, and in ethanol.
MELTING RANGE 132º to 136º (Appendix 4.3).
N,N-Dimethylaniline C8H11N = 121.18
Use analytical reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Light yellow liquid. Clear, oily liquid, almost colourless when freshly distilled, darkening to a reddish brown colour on storage.
SOLUBILITY Insoluble in water; soluble in chloroform, in ethanol, in ether, and in dilute mineral acids.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 192º and 194º (Appendix 4.5).
REFRACTIVE INDEX About 1.568, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
1,1-Dimethylethylamine (tert-Butylamine, 2-amino-2- methylpropane) C4H11N = 73.14
Use general reagent grade of commerce.
DESCRIPTION Liquid.
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.3770 to 1.3790, at 20º (Appendix 4.7).
RELATIVE DENSITY About 0.694 (Appendix 4.9).
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 46º (Appendix 4.5).
Dimethylformamide C3H7NO = 73.09
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless liquid.
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble in water; miscible with ethanol, with ether and with cold water.
BOILING TEMPERATURE About 153º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE About 0.95 g (Appendix 4.9).
Dimethyl Sulfoxide C2H6OS = 78.13.
DESCRIPTION Clear, colourless, viscous liquid. Hygroscopic.
SOLUBILITY Soluble in water, in ethanol, and in ether.
BOILING RANGE Not less than 95 per cent distils between 189º and 192º (Appendix 4.5).
WEIGHT PER MILLILITRE 1.100 to 1.103 g (Appendix 4.9).
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